chemical pollution of drinking water

 Chapter Chemical Pollution of Drinking Water in Haiti: An Important Threat to Public Health Alexandra Emmanuel and Evens Emmanuel Abstract The geophysical environment of the Republic of Haiti is characterized by hydrological and biogeographical climatic phenomena, and a relief marked by its rugged appearance. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains formed of limestone. The differences in level are very marked. Fragmentation is another feature of the relief. These environmental imperfections juxtaposed with difficult socioeconomic conditions and anthropogenic actions raise questions about possible chemical metal pollution of the country’s water resources. Indeed, the predominance of limestone in the Haitian geology generate water hardness, and in the case where the magnesium concentration is less than 7 mg/l, this water may be the source of cardiovascular diseases. Studies carried out on several water points show a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 μg/L to 90 μg/L and high Cr (III) risks were measured and estimated in groundwater and drinking water. Concentration of fluorine ranging from 0 to 2 mg/l 

The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan

 In recent years, we have seen a considerable geographic expansion of the world's population. So much so that in 2022, we will have reached the eight billion mark on Earth. Haiti has not been spared from this expansion. With this increase, unsurprisingly, we are witnessing an increase in demand for many resources, among the most basic of which we can cite, water. In fact, water distribution infrastructures, as well as those intended to treat the latter, no longer meet demand (others in addition to this was not exactly the case since long before, but with this increase we are facing to a growing crisis). With the aim of finding the outcome of intervention that would be the most favorable to facilitate development favorable to the population, while taking into account the strong constraints that weigh on the daily lives of residents and with the specific aim of analyzing the vulnerability of the population facing diseases that are transmitted by water, the researchers who wrote the following article took Canaan as samples. Why Canaan? it is a space created after the earthquake of January 12 by presidential decree in order to accommodate disaster victims. This agglomeration lives in a critical state, the living conditions of the people are really difficult, which has undoubtedly increased their index of vulnerability to diseases, families when they can are forced to resort to unconventional methods in order to treat the water to be consumed.

References :

• Tallon, P., Magajna, B., Lofranco, C., & Leung, K. T. (2005). Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in water: a current perspective. Water, air, and soil pollution, 166(1-4), 139-166.

•  WHO. (2006). Guidelines for drinking water quality, First Adendum to third ed., Recommendations, vol. 1, 2006, Geneva, Switzerland. 
• 
  

Link to article :DOI:https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96321

EVALUATION OF WATER RIGHTS THROUGH THE PRISM OF CANAAN

 According to this general observation, underlines WHO (2002), Water is essential for life and health. The human right to water is therefore fundamental for him to be able to live a healthy and dignified life. This is the precondition for the realization of all his other rights.Normally, in July 28, 2010,UN voted the 64/292 , in which the General Assembly recognized that the right to drinking water and sanitation is a fundamental right, essential to the full enjoyment of life. The human right to water is therefore fundamental to leading a healthy and dignified life, and the 148 countries that have ratified it are henceforth obliged to progressively achieve universal access to drinking water and sanitation, equitably and without discrimination.

In Canaan, the lack of infrastructure and basic services means that the area's residents operate in the informal sector.Access to drinking water and sanitation infrastructure in the newly densified areas has since been systematically lacking. This is typically the case with Canaan, which at the end of 2016 had more than 250,000 inhabitants in an almost uninhabited area before the 2010 earthquake (Bodson et al, 2017).

 Doi:https://doi.org/10.29104/phi-aqualac/2021-v13-1-03

Chemical Pollution of Drinking Water in Haiti: An Important Threat to Public Health

 Water being an essential resource for maintaining life, but can also be a vector of disease when it contains products dangerous to the health of the living beings that consume it. In Haiti, work has been carried out in the field of physicochemical quality of water tracing pollutants such as: lead, chromium, fluorine. Excessive concentrations of hardness have also been observed in water resources.

Indeed, Haiti is characterized by a largely rugged terrain, the main element of which constituting these mountains is limestone. Fragmentation is one of the characteristics. Depending on the abundant presence of limestone in Haitian geology and various anthropogenic actions, researchers were able to observe the generation of water hardness. These environmental imperfections associated with precarious socio-economic conditions and anthropological actions raise questions about possible chemical and metallic pollution of the country's water resources.

Therefore, the following study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the influence of geology and anthropological actions in the alteration of water quality, to review the toxicology of the chemicals detected in water distributed in Port-au-Prince.

references :

• Kılıç, Z.(2020). The importance of water and conscious use of water. Int J Hydro. 4(5):239–241. DOI: 10.15406/ ijh.2020.04.00250

• Calderon R. L. (2000). The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water. Food and chemical toxicology, 38, S13-S20. doi:10.1016/ S0278-6915(99)00133-7

Link to article : https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97766